Layer2

Layer 2 protocols are secondary frameworks built on top of Layer 1 blockchains to enhance scalability and reduce transaction costs. By utilizing technologies like Optimistic Rollups and ZK-Rollups, L2s like Arbitrum, Optimism, and Base process transactions off-chain before finalizing them on the mainnet. Following the 2026 Ethereum upgrades, L2s have become the primary execution layer for retail users. Stay updated on interoperability, fractal scaling, and the reduction of gas fees across the modular Ethereum roadmap.

214 Articles
Created: 2026/02/02 18:52
Updated: 2026/02/02 18:52
Top 10 Layer-2 Crypto Projects: ZK, Linea, and Starknet Outshine Rivals in Latest Social Activity Rankings

Top 10 Layer-2 Crypto Projects: ZK, Linea, and Starknet Outshine Rivals in Latest Social Activity Rankings

The post Top 10 Layer-2 Crypto Projects: ZK, Linea, and Starknet Outshine Rivals in Latest Social Activity Rankings appeared on BitcoinEthereumNews.com. Layer-2 crypto projects are moving again. A radical increase in social interaction has been observed in the layer-2 ecosystem, with recent information from Phoenix Group and LunarCrush revealing both impressive peaks of interactions on large networks. On the latest report released on 28 November 2025, ZK has been the most social-activity project with regard to layer-2.  TOP #LAYER2 PROJECTS BY SOCIAL ACTIVITY$ZK $LINEA $STRK $OP $CELO $ARB $STX $POL $MNT $IMX pic.twitter.com/A5uduNZlWA — PHOENIX – Crypto News & Analytics (@pnxgrp) November 28, 2025 The network showed 4.8K engaged posts and 372.3K total interactions, which is significant and proves the increased interest of the community and a powerful narrative developing around the solutions based on ZK-based scaling. This momentum is timely as layer-2 crypto technologies are gradually being considered as an indispensable component of enabling blockchain scalability to achieve faster execution and lower costs without sacrificing the security. The supremacy of ZK implies the emergence of investor confidence, high activity of developers and active online discussion that promotes its visibility. Linea Secures Second Position With Over 2 Million Interactions Close behind, Linea ranked second highest in the social activity category with the number of engaged posts being 3.9K and massively interacting with 2.1 million posts.  The level of participation is an indication that Linea remains one of the most debated layer-2 crypto ecosystems, presumably due to its developer friendly infrastructure and ongoing ecosystem expansions. The consistent action of social platforms by Linea implies a stronger community and gradual project momentum. The growing list of dApps, integrations, and collaboration seems to be fueling traffic of users on social media. Starknet Maintains Strong Engagement With 494K Interactions Starknet was ranked third place with 3.6K engaged posts and 494K interactions, which supports its status as a key player in the zk rollup competition. Due…

Author: BitcoinEthereumNews
Who are the "winners"? Who are the "disasters"? TGE performance rating under the atypical bull market of 2025.

Who are the "winners"? Who are the "disasters"? TGE performance rating under the atypical bull market of 2025.

Author: Stacy Muur Compiled by: Tim, PANews How to evaluate a project's TGE performance? For each token, I examined it from three aspects: Compared to the all-time high: What percentage has the price retraced from the peak? Time: How long has it been since the all-time high? (Early-stage projects ≠ completely "tested") Liquidity to market capitalization ratio: Is this a true price discovery, or just market noise due to insufficient liquidity? You can think of it this way: If you buy TGE and don't sell at the highest point, how does your profit and loss compare to other tokens of the same caliber? Note: This article represents the author's views only, not those of PANews, and is not investment advice. S-Class: TGE Winner Avici (AVICI) is in a class of its own, S+ Performance: Highest price $5.6, current price $4.3, only a 20-25% drop. For a new coin, this performance is exemplary: the price is strong, the volatility is small, and although the circulating supply is small, the turnover rate is considerable. Analysis: This is a typical "winner's" story. It experienced a surge, but unlike most new coins in 2025, the price did not completely fall back to its starting point. Even now, early investors are still making substantial profits. YieldBasis (YB) Performance: Highs of $0.82–$0.94, current prices of $0.44–$0.56, a drop of 45–55%. The all-time high occurred in mid-October 2025, so it is a recent peak; the current token price is still more than double the lowest point. Analysis: For yield-generating projects launched in a volatile market, it's remarkable that they can maintain half of their all-time high a month after launch. These tokens fall into the category of "strong performance but beginning to revert to the mean." Sahara Labs AI (SAHARA) Performance: The highest price was $0.16, and the current price is $0.008, representing a drop of more than half, but still a 3-4 times increase from the low point. The project received support from well-known venture capital firms (Pantera, Binance Labs, Polychain, etc.) and completed large-scale financing. Its value discovery is not a meme-style pullback. Analysis: In the current market environment, the fact that prices have fallen by half from their peak while still maintaining strong trading volume is truly remarkable. Prices have not collapsed and liquidity remains good. Limitless (LMTS) Performance: Depending on the data source, the highest price ranged from $0.47 to $0.72, while the current price is $0.23, representing a drop of 50% to 65%. TGE is coming very soon (late October 2025), and even after the initial airdrop unlock, the price is currently still in the middle of the range. Analysis: Although it did not reach the level of AVICI, compared to the 70-90% drop in most new coins, LMTS's stability is enough to barely place it in the bottom of the S-level or the top of the A-level. Grade A: TGE showed strong performance after the initial surge, but the subsequent decline was relatively large. Lombard (BARD) Performance: Highest price $1.5-$1.6, current price $0.72-$0.75, a drop of 50-55%, but still 2-3 times higher than the low. Analysis: After a strong initial surge, the price subsequently halved, but it didn't fall into a death spiral. For the Bitcoin ecosystem narrative, which relies heavily on high leverage, this pullback is a tolerable growing pain. Kaito AI(KAITO) Performance: Highest price $2.89, current price $0.8-$0.9, a drop of 70%-75%. The price is still more than 10 times higher than the early low, liquidity is ample, and it is listed on multiple mainstream exchanges. Analysis: This is exactly the TGE case I mentioned as a "successful but already revalued" one: early buyers made a fortune, while later entrants faced selling pressure. However, compared to most AI tokens in 2025, this can still be considered a relative winner. Omnipair (OMFG) Performance: Highest price $1.83-$1.86, current price $0.45, a drop of 75%. However, it should be noted that the price is trending upwards compared to the earlier lows, and the circulating supply is relatively small. Analysis: After an initial strong surge, there was a significant pullback, but the stock was not abandoned by the community. Performance was good, but not top-tier. Umbra (UMBRA) Performance: Highest price $2.47, current price $0.59-$0.60, a drop of 75%. Analysis: Similar to OMFG: it has undergone excessive hype and value reassessment, but still maintains activity and liquidity in the market, which is considered an upper-middle level performance. Avantis (AVNT) Performance: The highest price was $2.64, and the current price is $0.44-$0.45, a drop of 80%-83%, but it is still more than double the lowest point. Derivative DEX tokens, born from extreme speculative frenzy, are now entering a phase of value regression. Analysis: While the drawdown was painful, it remained within the normal fluctuation range for derivatives DEX tokens. The performance was mediocre but not catastrophic. OG Labs (0G) Performance: Highest price $7-7.3, current price $1.2-1.3, a drop of 80%-83%. Analysis: This is a typical high FDV infrastructure project. Its fully diluted valuation was overvalued, leading to a sharp market reassessment. However, it still maintains a considerable market capitalization and trading volume, and has not yet become an empty chain, placing it in the A- to B+ range. Plasma (XPL) Performance: Highest price $1.69, current price $0.25-$0.27, a drop of up to 85%. High trading volume and large market capitalization Analysis: Similar to 0G, it experienced a dramatic revaluation after its strong launch. However, compared to the many seed-label tokens that plummeted by 98% in 2025, it is still considered a "success story". Grade B: TGE surged and then fell back. Linea.eth(LINEA) Performance: Highest price $0.046 - $0.05, current price $0.01, a drop of 75%-80%. As a Layer2 token with a massive airdrop volume, such a pullback is quite normal. Analysis: Similar to 0G, it performed strongly upon launch, but subsequently experienced a significant revaluation. Likewise, compared to many seed-label tokens that plummeted by 98% in 2025, it is still considered a "success story." Story (IP) Performance: Highest price $14.9, current price $2.9-$3, a drop of 80%. Thanks to strong VC backing and an IP narrative, the token still maintains a respectable fully diluted valuation. Analysis: Initially, the stock experienced unprecedented hype, followed by a sustained decline. While it didn't reach a disastrous level, it clearly falls into the category of "surge and fall" type projects. Falcon Finance (FF) Performance: Highest price $0.667, current price $0.14-$0.15, a drop of 75%-80%. Public data shows that its daily trading volume remains enormous, and its TVL (transaction volume limit) is considerable. Analysis: Judging from the trend, TGE was a success (early participants made a profit), but the token price still experienced a 70-80% plunge. Babylon (BABY) Performance: Highest price $0.165-$0.17, current price $0.023-$0.025, a drop of up to 85%. Analysis: As a highly anticipated Bitcoin restaking token, its performance has fallen short of expectations, but it has not yet fallen into the "CORN/NC-style death spiral". Union(U) Performance: Highest price $0.023-$0.027, current price $0.004, a drop of 80%-85%. Analysis: This is a typical price movement for mid-cap governance tokens, characterized by a strong initial launch followed by a slow, gradual decline due to unlocking and inflation. U is not an exception among these tokens. Grade C: Poor performance after TGE Berachain Foundation (BERA) Performance: Highest price $14.5, current price $1.3, a drop of 90%-91%. For Layer 1, which boasts a top-tier narrative, carries huge expectations, and has a high valuation, such performance can be described as a major failure. Analysis: From the perspective of TGE's performance, this is a typical example of excessive VC hype leading to inflated valuations and eventual value reassessment. Boundless (ZKC) Performance: Highest price $1.79, current price $0.15, a drop of 91%. Analysis: Similar to BERA's trajectory but with weaker brand strength; in terms of price, it was clearly a failed TGE. Mira (MIRA) Performance: Highest price $2.35-$2.61, current price $0.18, a drop of 92%-93%. Analysis: Similar to ZKC, after a sharp rise, it experienced a deep decline, and now the chart has become another mid-cap token curve resembling a ski slope. Solv Protocol (SOLV) Performance: Highest price $0.15-$0.25, current price $0.016, a drop of a staggering 90%. Analysis: Given Solv's experience and the scale of its claimed ecosystem, the price trend after TGE was truly disappointing. Allora (ALLO) Performance: Due to different data sources, the highest price was $0.85-$1.70, and the current price is $0.17-$0.18, representing a short-term drop of 80%-90%. Analysis: This is an accelerated version of the airdrop coin model: after the hype dies down, the price plummets by 80-90% instantly. Class D: TGE Disaster If these tokens generate buzz on Twitter, I'll include them in this list of "headline failures." Corn Performance: Highest price $13.98, current price $0.07, a drop of 99.5%. Analysis: This is a normal value correction. Unless you sell quickly near the peak, this TGE will become a graveyard for investors. Nodepay (NC) Performance: Highest price $0.327, current price $0.0035, a drop of 99%. Analysis: This is a typical pattern of a surge followed by a decline, with prices nearly collapsing after a rapid spike. It is a victim of the "airdrop + points mining" craze. Manta Network (MANTA) Performance: Highest price $4.05-$4.08, current price $0.1-$0.11, a drop of 97%. Analysis: For this project, which carried the L2 narrative and was once a star of Binance Launchpool, its current performance is disastrous. Among the well-known projects on this list, Manta is one of the most striking examples of "excessive FDV". A brief review of mid-tier tokens BABY: A drop of 85% from its all-time high is indeed bad, but it's not an isolated case; I put it in B grade because from a market perspective, it still trades like a legitimate Layer 1, restaking project, rather than becoming a dead mining token. XPL, 0G, and AVNT all experienced price pullbacks of 80-85%, but still maintained high trading volumes and market capitalization. Failure to sell at the peak would have resulted in significant losses, but this is almost "normal" in the token issuance environment of 2025. Omnipair, Umbra, BARD, and KAITO: These are TGE cases in the middle tier that are "decently performing" - they experienced a sharp initial surge followed by a significant correction, but still maintained high market liquidity.

Author: PANews
The Anatomy of a Write Operation

The Anatomy of a Write Operation

When you write to a file in Python, the "success" return value is an illusion. Your data hasn't actually hit the disk; it has merely entered a complex relay race of buffers. This article traces the lifecycle of a write operation across six layers: Python's internal memory, the Linux Virtual File System, the Page Cache, the Ext4 filesystem, the Block Layer, and finally the SSD controller. We explore why the OS prioritizes speed over safety and why you must use os.fsync() if you need a guarantee that your data has survived power loss.

Author: Hackernoon
Progressive Context Disclosure and the Token Problem

Progressive Context Disclosure and the Token Problem

The naive approach treated every API endpoint as its own MCP tool. More than 300 tools, 157 resources, and 36,000 tokens were required *just to enumerate what the server could do. The Progressive Context Disclosure Pattern (PCD) is the architecture that emerged as I tried to make this OpenAPI-to-MCP bridge usable.

Author: Hackernoon
Crypto Price Analysis 11-25: BITCOIN: BTC, ETHEREUM: ETH, SOLANA: SOL, RIPPLE: XRP, CELESTIA: TIA

Crypto Price Analysis 11-25: BITCOIN: BTC, ETHEREUM: ETH, SOLANA: SOL, RIPPLE: XRP, CELESTIA: TIA

The cryptocurrency market continued its upward trajectory for a second straight day, buoyed by growing optimism of a Federal Reserve interest rate cut in December. As a result, Bitcoin (BTC) climbed over 1% to cross $88,000, while Ethereum (ETH) is up 3%, as it sets its sights on reclaiming $3,000.

Author: Cryptodaily
Crypto Price Analysis 11-24: BITCOIN: BTC, ETHEREUM: ETH, SOLANA: SOL, JUPITER: JUP, NEAR PROTOCOL: NEAR

Crypto Price Analysis 11-24: BITCOIN: BTC, ETHEREUM: ETH, SOLANA: SOL, JUPITER: JUP, NEAR PROTOCOL: NEAR

The cryptocurrency market has started the week in positive territory, extending the gains made on Sunday as major cryptocurrencies trade in the green. Bitcoin (BTC) made a strong recovery after dropping to $80,000 on Friday, reclaiming $86,000 over the weekend. The flagship cryptocurrency is up over 2% in the past 24 hours, trading around $86,495.

Author: Cryptodaily
The crypto market saw mixed results, with the PayFi sector rising 2.44% and BTC rebounding above $86,000.

The crypto market saw mixed results, with the PayFi sector rising 2.44% and BTC rebounding above $86,000.

PANews reported on November 24th that, according to SoSoValue data, the cryptocurrency market sentiment has recovered somewhat, influenced by factors such as Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Williams' hints at a possible rate cut in December and Vice Chairman Jefferson's optimistic views on the AI bubble. Various sectors showed mixed performance. The PayFi sector performed particularly well, rising 2.44% in the last 24 hours. Within the sector, Telcoin (TEL) rose 5.21%, and Stellar (XLM) rose 5.45%. Meanwhile, Bitcoin (BTC) rose 1.21%, rebounding above $86,000 after touching the $80,000 mark. However, Ethereum (ETH) fell 0.35%, fluctuating narrowly around $2,800. In other sectors, the RWA sector rose 1.48% in the last 24 hours, with Creditcoin (CTC) rising 10.34%; the DeFi sector rose 1.29%, with World Liberty Financial (WLFI) rising 9.57%; the Meme sector rose 1.21%, with SPX6900 (SPX) rising 9.32%; and the Layer 1 sector rose 0.45%, with Hedera (HBAR) rising 9.83%. In addition, the CeFi sector fell 0.06%, with HashKey Platform Token (HSK) rising 3.59%; the Layer2 sector fell 0.37%, with Linea (LINEA) rising 4.28%.

Author: PANews
BlackRock Building Another Staked Ethereum ETF Could Pump Bitcoin Hyper Big Time

BlackRock Building Another Staked Ethereum ETF Could Pump Bitcoin Hyper Big Time

The post BlackRock Building Another Staked Ethereum ETF Could Pump Bitcoin Hyper Big Time appeared on BitcoinEthereumNews.com. Aaron writes for NewsBTC as a Crypto Journalist, covering breaking news and developments across the crypto world. Aaron’s been writing and editing since 2016, and has seen firsthand how writing for online publications has evolved over that time with the influence of everything from a globalized workforce to LLMs. He’s also witnessed the rise of crypto from a fringe interest to a multi-trillion-dollar force that’s reshaping the world economy. His background in academia with multiple post-grad degrees and a zest for good writing, wherever it may be found, powers Aaron’s own approach to covering crypto. What sets good writing apart? Storytelling – finding connects the news to the people reading it and drawing out those connections. That’s what Aaron looks for in his own coverage. In his off-hours, Aaron works for a local charity and enjoys working out and training with the local boxing club. He even reads physical books, occasionally. Source: https://www.newsbtc.com/news/blackrock-staked-ethereum-etf-bitcoin-hyper-layer2-presale/

Author: BitcoinEthereumNews
BlackRock’s Staked Ethereum ETF Play Could Supercharge Bitcoin Hyper

BlackRock’s Staked Ethereum ETF Play Could Supercharge Bitcoin Hyper

What to Know: BlackRock’s move toward a staked Ethereum ETF marks the arrival of yield-bearing crypto ETFs that blend price exposure with on-chain staking rewards. The success of ETHA and broader interest in staking products indicate that major asset managers are ready to scale deeper into core crypto infrastructure. Bitcoin Hyper addresses Bitcoin’s scalability limits through a rollup-style Layer-2 using wrapped BTC, aiming to transform Bitcoin into a functional DeFi settlement layer. With more than $28M raised, 41% staking rewards, and utility tied directly to Bitcoin’s expansion, Bitcoin Hyper provides asymmetric upside in an ETF-driven market cycle. BlackRock just spun up a new trust in Delaware for an iShares Staked Ethereum Trust ETF, signaling phase two of institutional crypto: yield on-chain, wrapped in TradFi. Roughly 15 months after launching its flagship Ethereum ETF, $ETHA, the asset management giant is now lining up a product that combines $ETH price exposure with staking rewards. $ETHA, which launched in July 2024, has already pulled in around $13B in inflows and quickly became one of the most successful spot Ethereum ETFs on the market. The key detail: ETHA itself does not stake its $ETH, so investors get pure price exposure alone, and nothing from the roughly 4% average staking yield that validators earn on-chain. The new trust changes that equation. A staked $ETH ETF would transform Ethereum exposure into a total-return product, tacking on staking yield to capital gains. That kind of structure is tailor-made for institutions that want the benefits of blockchain without running their own validator infrastructure or worrying about slashing risks. As more issuers follow with staking products, a larger slice of $ETH will be locked up, tightening supply and deepening liquidity in regulated venues. When big money gets comfortable with yield-bearing crypto ETFs on Bitcoin and Ethereum, the usual pattern is simple: liquidity and attention trickle down the risk curve. First majors, then high-beta infrastructure plays. In this cycle, one of the cleanest ways to express that ‘higher beta on Bitcoin’ thesis is not another meme coin, but a Bitcoin Layer-2 like Bitcoin Hyper ($HYPER) that tracks Bitcoin’s performance while adding real utility. That is where Bitcoin Hyper’s ongoing presale starts to look very interesting. Bitcoin Hyper Turns Bitcoin into A Scalable DeFi Powerhouse Bitcoin Hyper is building a Layer-2 rollup on top of Bitcoin that batches transactions off-chain, executes them at high speed, then settles the final state back to Bitcoin Layer-1. In practice, it aims to turn Bitcoin into something that feels closer to Solana in terms of speed, while still inheriting Bitcoin’s battle-tested security. To do this, the team uses a canonical bridge that wraps native $BTC into a compatible asset for use on the Hyper rollup. A Solana Virtual Machine environment then handles execution, enabling thousands of transactions per second and near-instant finality. On top of that, developers can plug in DeFi protocols, NFT marketplaces, and other dApps that simply are not viable on Bitcoin’s base layer today. This is the pain point Bitcoin Hyper goes after: Bitcoin is the largest, most trusted asset in crypto, yet still awkward to use beyond simple transfers and custody. Fees spike in every hype cycle, throughput caps out around single-digit TPS, and DeFi flows largely bypass the network. By pushing computation to an L2 while anchoring security on Bitcoin, Hyper tries to unlock that trapped value. From a macro angle, the timing lines up with the ETF story. As spot Bitcoin ETFs accumulate coins and BlackRock explores yield products on Ethereum, more institutional capital is parked in base-layer assets. The next logical step is infrastructure that lets those assets actually move and work in DeFi. A Bitcoin-native L2 that can route wrapped BTC into lending, DEXs, and payments is directly aligned with that shift. Add in the project’s public focus on conservative security assumptions, and the narrative becomes straightforward: a scaling solution that respects the base chain, rather than trying to replace it. Bitcoin Hyper Presale, Staking Rewards, And ETF-Driven Upside On the numbers side, the Bitcoin Hyper presale has already raised over $28M, with the current token price sitting at $0.013305. That puts it in the upper tier of the best crypto presales of 2025 and suggests there is real appetite for Bitcoin-aligned infrastructure rather than just memes. Staking is a major part of the pitch. Early buyers can stake $HYPER for reported rewards of around 41%, turning idle presale allocations into a yield-bearing position while the team ships its roadmap. Learn how to buy and stake $HYPER today. For investors who are already eyeing BlackRock’s staked $ETH ETF as a source of passive income, that kind of on-chain yield on a high-beta token adds an extra layer of torque. There is also a clear roadmap-linked upside story. Our price modeling sees potential highs of $0.08625 in 2026 if Bitcoin Hyper hits its milestones around mainnet, early dApps, and DAO launch. Relative to the current presale price of $0.013305, that target implies roughly a 546% increase. For holders who already believe in Bitcoin’s long-term trajectory and see BlackRock-style products as confirmation, $HYPER acts like a leveraged play on that same thesis: more throughput, more DeFi rails, and more ways for $BTC liquidity to earn yield. In other words, while BlackRock stays tightly focused on Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs, investors who want to front-run where that institutional adoption might push demand next are looking directly at Bitcoin Layer-2s. Right now, Bitcoin Hyper is one of the few presales offering that combination of narrative fit, clear technical design, and significant capital already committed. Check out the Bitcoin Hyper presale. This article is for informational purposes only and is not financial advice. Crypto and presale investments are highly volatile and risky. Authored by Aaron Walker for NewsBTC — https://www.newsbtc.com/news/ blackrock-staked-ethereum-etf-bitcoin-hyper-layer2-presale

Author: NewsBTC
Crypto Price Analysis 11-20: BITCOIN: BTC, ETHEREUM: ETH, SOLANA: SOL, CELESTIA: TIA, ARBITRUM: ARB

Crypto Price Analysis 11-20: BITCOIN: BTC, ETHEREUM: ETH, SOLANA: SOL, CELESTIA: TIA, ARBITRUM: ARB

The cryptocurrency market has been mixed over the past 24 hours, with pockets of strength and weakness emerging. Layer2 tokens outperformed the broader market, registering double-digit gains compared to a marginal increase by Bitcoin (BTC) and a notable decline by Ethereum (ETH).

Author: Cryptodaily